Lactation length is different in individual cows, which is generally converted to a 305-day standard using curve fitting models for genetic and management practices. Individual curves do not have a standard shape in all cases, and can deviate from the standard pattern according to factors such as individual differences, and type of fitted models. These non-standard curves, called atypical, resulted from incorrect estimated parameters of the curves; which consist of: continuously increasing or decreasing and reversed standards. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of atypical curves in estimation of 305-day milk production, by fitting two nonlinear models? Wood (empirical) and Pollott (biological), on 7659 and 6692 test-day milk yield of 977 and 776 first calving Iranian Simmental and Jersey cows, during 2007-2020, using R software. Different patterns obtained based on the combination of increasing (b) and decreasing (c) phase parameters of curves. The number of standard curves from the Pollott and Wood models were 85.5% and 62.2% for Simmental, and 83.1% and 70.6% for Jersey cows, respectively. Only continuously increasing curves were observed in both breeds in Pollott model (14.8% and 16.9%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively); Whereas in Wood model, all 3 groups of atypical curves were observed, which the reversed standard was the most (22.3% and 16.5%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively). Based on the findings, at the time of standardizing the production of dairy cows (national evaluations), not only differences between breeds, but also special attention to the production of atypical curves, should be paid (to correct or discard them).

There is a growing deviated physicians' practice regarding laboratory requests due to fear of failing to notice something important, fear of being criticized by superiors for neglecting a test or not coping with the uncertainties related to diagnoses, and so-called defensive testing. This behavior was attributed to the health system culture of fear and the lack of transparency of the costs associated with such unnecessary health care services. A literature search was carried out on these topics: laboratory management, laboratory testing, test requesting, test ordering, physicians' ordering behavior, cost reduction, appropriateness and efficiency using evidence-based resources, including peer-review publications until 2019. The negative impact of defensive medicine practice exceeds the economic consequences and necessarily reduces the patient outcomes and the total quality of patient care. A consensus between experts that the root cause of defensive medicine began with the increasing number of medical malpractice lawsuits. In Saudi Arabia, malpractice claims increased by 416% between 2008 and 2013. Multiple solutions have been suggested for the problem of inappropriate laboratory testing and defensive testing, but no single approach has been widely adopted. Combined strategies proved to be more effective and more durable. Building a culture of trust inside the health system is increasingly perceived as a significant influence on health system functioning.

Seepage under coastal structures including coastal dikes is one of the major issues for controlling stalinization of coastal lands and stability of the related structures. So far, for analysis of seepage under hydraulic structures much research works have been conducted in the form of numerical models. However, less field and laboratory works have been done for evaluating of the numerical models. In the present research, a laboratory model was made to simulate seepage and its controlling measures under coastal dikes. The model consists of a flume 8m long, 1m deep and 1m wide, in which horizontal blanket and vertical cut off were provided by Perspex sheets. The flume was made of steel frame and Perspex as well as thick glass sheets. The foundation material was made of clean fine sand, compacted to a uniform density and covered the bottom 50cm of flume. Perspex sheets were employed as blanket and cut off variable length. The piezometric heads at the downstream side of dike were measured using small diameter clear plastic tubes. The results of the test showed that the optimum ratio of blanket length and cut off depth to the depth of water and the thickness of foundation at the upstream side of dike for minimum seepage loss and control of piping was 8 and 0.8 respectively.

The stage-discharge relationship is a type of resistance to flow evaluation that is used to determine the depth and hydraulic radius in open channels, if the flow discharge, channel cross-sectional shape and the properties of bed materials are specific. Wide channels as well as plane bed rivers, due to having the higher ratios of width to depth, b/h, they have specific hydraulic characteristics than that of the normal open channels. In this research work, the hydraulic characteristics of widening long and wide channels including flow pattern, stage-discharge relationship and flow resistance, by using a physical model of rigid boundary with 60m length, 1. 5m wide and a longitudinal chanel bed slope of 1 in 1000 (0. 001) that has b/h ratios range of 12 to 56 are experimentally investigated. The construction material of channel model is concrete bed and concrete block walls were used. To insulate the channel bed and walls, a thick layer under the concrete was also used. Due to its wide width and length, the physical model of this study has low scale effects and the obtained results are closer to the normal open channels as well as the plain bed rivers. Based on the values obtained for the Froude, Reynolds and Shear Reynolds numbers in model, it was found that the flow regime is subcritical and turbulent. According to the results of model, stage-discharge-Tailgate relationship is shown plotted and it is found that as the flow rate increases, the Tailgate height that required at the downstream end of the channel to produce a normal depth, increases. On the basis of normal depths obtained in a widen channel model, a reliable stage-discharge relationship is presented. The results show that this relationship has a higher coefficient than that of a natural channel stage-discharge relationship. Results, also reveals that between the calculated and measured Manning’ s roughness coefficient, n, in the wide channel model, a difference (about 10%) is observed. The results show that, for discharges greater than 35 lit/s, the measured Manning roughness coefficient, n is very close to the n values presented in literature. However, for the discharges less than 35 lit/s, the measured values of Manning’ s n is 15% higher than the amounts provided in literature. The results of the present research show that by increasing the ratio of hydraulic radius to the roughness height of the bed (Rh/ks), the Manning roughness, n, decreases linearly. Also, based on the results, it was found that by increasing flow depth, The Manning roughness, n, decreases and by increasing Reynolds number, Re, the Manning n decreases linearly. The results also show that in the wide channel model, the Manning roughness coefficient, n, decreases from 0. 022 to 0. 016 by increasing Froude number, Fr, from 0. 26 to 0. 4, In this research, the wide to depth ratio, b/h, was considered as the main independent variable in the determination of n, and using the coding, a reliable relation was obtained between them, which can be used for wide channels. According to the results, it is clear that with increasing b/h ratio, the Manning roughness coefficient, n, also increases, but this trend changes in b/h ratios larger than 43 and has a decreasing trend.

This study has been performed by using Sahand plasma focus facility and TLD dosimeters. The anisotropy in X-ray production and the absorbed x-ray dose, due to the two normal operational days, were measured. The study showed that, either the X-ray production is isotropic or the anisotropy is so low so that it could not be measured by this kind of dosimeters. In addition, the measured absorbed dose showed that the 2 mm thick iron wall (or iron shield) which is placed around the plasma focus device, has a considerable roll in decreasing the absorbed dose. This shield reduced the absorbed dose by a factor of about 60%.

Due to limited resources in the field of hydraulic jump in compound channel, this laboratory research was performed by creating a stable and symmetrical jump.The study was implemented on an experimental channel with a length of 10 m, a width of 1 m, and a height of 0.8 m in the Hydraulics Lab at the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 6 meters of the total length of the channel has been transformed into a composite channel. Also, the main cross-section and floodplains had adjustable depths and widths. The present study examined the effects of the relative width and initial Froude number. Three relative widths and three initial Froude numbers were studied in a total of nine tests. In each test, the initial Froude number was set to induce a hydraulic jump by changing the opening of the upstream opening height at a given flow rate.The present work experimentally induced hydraulic jumps in compound open channels and quantified the physical properties of hydraulic jumps (e.g., conjugate depths and hydraulic jump length) by point velocity, flow rate, and flow velocity measurements. The results indicate that the physical and hydraulic characteristics of the observed jump are different from the classical type and the use of classical jump equations leads to error.

Before contact with leachate, GCL must be sufficiently hydrated, or in other words absorb moisture, so that it has sealing properties and prevents the penetration of leachate into the subsoil. GCL absorbs moisture from the subsoil and swells and gets sealing properties, therefore, investigating the moisture absorption behavior of GCL from the subsoil has become important and has become the subject of research by some researchers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the moisture absorption behavior of GCL from the subsoil contaminated with leachate and what effect the presence of leachate has on the hydration of GCL and its sealing properties. In this research, the moisture absorption behavior of GCL from three types of sandy soil, mixed and fine-grained, for each of these soils in three different initial moisture percentages, for sandy soil including 8%, 13%, and 23%, for mixed soil and Fine-grained soil including 2.4%, 12.4% and 17.4% was investigated and its results were presented, then the moisture absorption behavior of GCL in the presence of leachate was investigated for all three types of soil in the condition that the soils were in three types of leachate percentage. Various were contaminated. The results of investigating the moisture absorption behavior of GCL show that in the presence of leachate, the amount of moisture absorbed by GCL in the tested time period is less than the expected value and the presence of leachate has a significant negative effect on GCL hydration by more than 2 to 6 times.